Cultural and Economic Factors Driving Brazilians to the US

 Climate change is a global issue that affects all of us. The natural world and the human systems that we have established are both at risk due to the effects of climate change (IPCC 2014, 4). The devastating consequences of climate change will not be limited to the regions of the globe that have made the most significant contributions to this issue. Climate change has already affected every continent and ocean (IPCC 2014, 4). Although certain nations have made greater contributions to the issue than others, the effective mitigation of climate change will necessitate the collective efforts of all nations (Selin and VanDeveer 2013, 283). Brazil will play a significant role in the global effort to resolve climate change. Brazil is classified as a developing nation; however, its rapid tempo of development has also earned it a prominent spot on the global emitter list. Brazil will be a critical participant due to its residence of a significant portion of the Amazon rainforest, in addition to its emissions.

Designing effective policies to mitigate climate change necessitates a comprehension of more than just the physical aspects of the issue


I suggest that cultural factors are essential in shaping public sentiment toward climate change. In order to illuminate the impact of cultural factors on public opinion in Brazil, I suggest that we investigate the relative importance thereof. Academic and public discourse frequently addresses the economic, geographical, physical, and biological implications of climate change (Clammer 2012, 144). Climate change mitigation policies are frequently affected by these consequences, as they are widely acknowledged. Forestry is the primary focus of Brazil's climate change mitigation policies (Townshend et al. 2011, 14). Culture is also likely to influence a country's climate change mitigation policies, despite the fact that it is not as extensively discussed as the aforementioned factors. Linda Steg and Charles Vlek define culture as a factor that "...often determines gut feelings or emotional responses towards persons, objects, or events." Culture is the foundation of a variety of behaviors, as it encompasses self-evident knowledge, fundamental values, and basic beliefs (Steg and Vlek 2009, 137). John Clammer acknowledges that cultural factors likely will influence our adaptation and mitigation strategies and played a role in the development of climate change (Clammer 2012, 144). Richard van der Wurff acknowledges that cultural distinctions are a significant factor in the international climate change politics, and they will contribute to the development of environmental policies (van der Wurff 2009, 459). The environment, environmental problems, and environmental solutions are perceived differently across various cultures (Reijnders 2009, 86). A Brazilian jest that is frequently cited when discussing the country's economic development is "Brazil is the country of the future-and always will be."
Brazil is situated at a critical juncture in its development. It is traditionally regarded as a developing country; however, it is rapidly progressing toward developed status (Hochstetler 2012, 959; Aldy and Stavins 2009, 5). Brazil and other countries may be instrumental in the global effort to limit greenhouse gas emissions due to their pursuit of economic development, which implies a particularly significant increase in energy consumption and the potential for greenhouse gas emissions to increase.

Brazil is already a critical instance to investigate due to its high emissions


According to Matthews et al. (2014), Brazil is the fourth largest contributor to historical global temperature change, as determined by the cumulative emissions of fossil fuel carbon dioxide, land-use carbon dioxide, aerosols, and non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases. In anticipation of the 2015 Paris Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, nations submitted their intended nationally determined contributions (iNDCs) outlining their strategies for combating climate change. Brazil has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels by 2025 and by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 (Federative Republic of Brazil 2015, 1). Brazil's iNDC explicitly stated that the nation regards itself as a developing nation. Brazil is open to financial assistance from industrialized nations, according to the iNDC (Federative Republic of Brazil 2015, 3). Furthermore, the iNDC asserts that Brazil is amenable to collaborating with other developing nations through SouthSouth initiatives in order to exchange information and technology related to reforestation, biofuels, low-carbon cultivation, and forest monitoring systems (Federative Republic of Brazil 2015, 4). Brazil submitted a supplementary document with their iNDC, titled "Additional Information on the iNDC For Clarification Purposes Only." Brazil's status as a developing nation is further underscored by this supplementary document, which acknowledges that the country is grappling with a variety of challenges, including poverty, education, public health, employment, housing, infrastructure, and energy access, in addition to climate change (Federative Republic of Brazil, Additional Information on the iNDC 2015, 1). This document also establishes that Brazil is of the opinion that historic responsibility should be taken into account when determining the role of each country in addressing climate change (Federative Republic of Brazil, Additional Information on the iNDC 2015, 5). Brazil is a critical case due to its high level of emissions and the fact that it is home to the majority of the Amazon rainforest, which serves as a carbon sink for the global community. One of the most intricate and diverse biomes on Earth is the Amazon rainforest (Nobre 2014, 16).

More than 20% of the carbon inventories in the world's forests are stored in the Amazon rainforest (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2011,22)


It is crucial to comprehend the sources of Brazilian public opinion in relation to climate change, as the Amazon rainforest plays a critical role in carbon storage. Furthermore, the reduction of the Amazon rainforest has resulted in a greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of climate change, including drought, in a significant portion of Brazil and South America (Nobre 2014, 10). In 2004, the Brazilian Amazon underwent its most severe deforestation, resulting in the loss of 27,772 km² of forest. The rate of deforestation decreased by 77% from 2004 to 2011, and it has since stabilized at a loss of 5,000-7,000 km² of forested land annually (Godar et al. 2014, 15,591). Although progress has been achieved, the current rate of deforestation could result in the destruction of a segment of the Amazon that is equivalent to the size of Costa Rica (Nobre 2014, 22). The hydrological system of Brazil and South America is significantly influenced by the Amazon rainforest. Water vapor is released by the rainforest, which travels in a "aerial river" from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes, delivering rainfall to South America (Nobre 2014, 18). The Amazon's transpired water production is reduced as a result of deforestation (Nobre 2014, 30). The rainy season is gradually delaying its arrival in the most deforested region of the Amazon (Nobre 2014, 22).

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